Lung

OPTN/SRTR 2019 Annual Data Report: Lung

Abstract

The number of lung transplants performed continues to increase annually and reached an all-time high in 2019, with decreasing waitlist mortality. These trends are attributable to an increasing number of candidates listed for transplant each year and a continuing increase in the number of donors. Despite these favorable trends, 6.4% of lungs recovered for transplant were not transplanted in 2019, and strategies to optimize use of these available organs may reduce the number of waitlist even further. Time to transplant continued to decrease, as over 50% of candidates waited 3 months or less in 2019, yet regional heterogeneity remained despite policy changes intended to improve allocation equity. Small gains continued in posttransplant survival, with 1-year survival at 88.8%; 3 year, 74.4%; 5 year, 59.2%, and 10 year, 33.1%.

Introduction

In 2019, the highest ever number of new candidates, 3243, were added to the US lung transplant waiting list (Figure LU 1), and 2759 lung transplants were performed (Figure LU 51). The rate of increase in lung transplants performed outpaced the rate of new candidates added, but the demand for transplant was not fully met. More transplants were performed due to ongoing scientific and policy efforts to increase the number of deceased lung donors, leading to a remarkable 62% donor increase over the past decade (Figure LU 39). The number of lung transplants performed in 2019 increased by 197, a 7.6% increase compared with the year prior, and a 52.3% increase over the past decade (Figure LU 51). With these trends came a decreasing waitlist mortality rate of 14.6% in 2019 (Figure LU 25), an important accomplishment given the increasingly older and sicker candidate population (Figure LU 57, LU 8). However, 316 candidates became too sick to undergo transplant or died while waiting (Table LU 5). Some small gains occurred in posttransplant survival, with 5-year death rates decreasing from 46.4% among recipients in 2008 to 40.8% among recipients in 2014 (Figure LU 65). Survival after lung transplant, however, remained the lowest of all solid organ transplants.

The US allocation system is monitored and adjusted by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN), which implements policies to ensure equitable and timely access for lung transplant candidates. Currently, candidates aged 12 years or older access lung transplant based on their calculated lung allocation score (LAS), age, geography, blood type (ABO) compatibility, and, if necessary, waiting time. Candidates aged younger than 12 years access transplant based on illness-based priority status, age, geography, blood type (ABO) compatibility, and waiting time. The LAS calculates transplant benefit by estimating waitlist and posttransplant mortality. Waitlist mortality contributes two-thirds of the score, reflecting the preference to prioritize candidates at high risk of death while waiting over likelihood of posttransplant survival. To calculate the LAS, pulmonary diseases are categorized by survival probability and disease pathophysiology into four main groups: group A, obstructive lung disease; group B, pulmonary vascular disease; group C, cystic fibrosis and immunodeficiency disorders; and group D, restrictive lung diseases.

Some trends highlighted in this report may reflect changes to the US allocation system. The LAS was implemented in 2005, changing allocation from a time-based to an urgency-based system and resulting in an increasing number of transplants for sicker candidates (Figure LU 57). The LAS was revised in February 2015 to reflect an updated cohort and add new variables to improve characterization of disease severity for candidates in group B; thus, LAS values after this change are not comparable to values in periods prior. OPTN implemented a broader geographic sharing policy in March 2017 for child (age 0-11 years) and adolescent (age 12-17 years) candidates. Adolescents additionally receive preferential access to adult donor lungs in the LAS system. Finally, geographic allocation policy was adapted in 2017 to change the first unit of allocation from the donation service area to a 250-nautical-mile radius from the donor hospital to decrease geographic inequity and ensure organ availability for the sickest candidates. The lung transplant system is the first solid organ transplant system in the US to undergo OPTN review toward the continuous distribution framework.

In this report, all lung transplant candidates and recipients aged 18 years or older are included under Adult Lung Transplant, and those aged < 18 years are included under Pediatric Lung Transplant. This is a change from prior reports, in which the cut-point separating pediatric and adult candidates was age 12 years, to mirror allocation policy. This change allows for a more accurate comparison between US and international data. Heart-lung candidates and recipients are included in all tabulations.

Adult Lung Transplantation in the US

Waiting List

Characteristics of adult candidates waiting for lung transplant

In 2019, 3243 new candidates were added to the lung transplant waiting list (Figure LU 1). Each listing in this report is counted as a candidate; therefore, a minority of candidates listed at multiple centers may be counted more than once. The majority of lung transplant candidates on the waiting list were aged 50-64 years, followed by those aged 65 years or older and 35-49 years; fewer than 10% of candidates were aged 34 years or younger (Figure LU 3). The proportion of candidates aged 65 years or older increased by 35.4% from 2015 to 2019 (Figure LU 3). The proportions of male and female candidates were similar (Figure LU 4). Most lung transplant candidates were white (73.1%), with increasing proportions of Black (11.5%), Hispanic (11.5%), and Asian (3.2%) candidates (Figure LU 5). The proportion of candidates in group D continued to increase yearly and represented 56.9% of the lung transplant waiting list in 2019 (Figure LU 6). The proportion of candidates in group A decreased to 27.7% of the waiting list, a 26% relative decrease since 2010 (Figure LU 6). Candidates with a LAS below 35 comprised 32.8% of the waiting list; 35-<40, 27.3%; 40-<50, 21%; 50-<60, 6.2; and ≥ 60, 12.6% (Figure LU 8). Candidates with ABO blood type A or O comprised 36.3% and 48.9% of the waiting list, respectively (Figure LU 10).

Outcome of adult candidates listed for lung transplant

Over 75% of candidates waiting in 2019 had been on the list less than 90 days (Figure LU 7). Transplant rates remained highest for candidates aged 65 years or older (Figure LU 13). Rates were highest for group D (263 transplants per 100 waitlist-years), followed by group C (202 per 100 waitlist-years), group A (114 per 100 waitlist-years), and group B (104 per 100 waitlist-years) (Figure LU 15). Rates were highest for recipients with type AB blood (314 transplants per 100 waitlist-years), similar for type A (215 per 100 waitlist-years) and B (202 per 100 waitlist-years), and lowest for type O (159 per 100 waitlist-years) (Figure LU 16). Height continued to affect transplant rates, evidenced by decreasing rates with decreasing height; rates were lowest for recipients less than 150 cm tall (Figure LU 17).

Among those listed in 2016, 60% of candidates underwent transplant by 6 months, and by 1 year, 70% (Figure LU 19). An additional 6% of candidates underwent transplant between waitlist years 1 and 2, and an additional 2% between years 2 and 3 (Figure LU 19). Median waiting times differed by diagnosis group; times were shortest for group D (1.7 months), followed by group C (2.1 months), and group A (4.0 months); times were longest for group B (6.2 months) (Figure LU 20). Median waiting time across diagnoses was 2.3 months. Median waiting times varied by LAS; 0.7 months for candidates with an LAS of 50-100, 1.5 months for 40-<50, 3.1 months for 35-<40 and 4.4 months for <35 (Figure LU 21). Percentages of adults undergoing lung transplant differed by state, with ranges between 30%-100%; however, these values are likely affected by the denominator of patients listed by state (Figure LU 24). Overall waitlist mortality continued to improve, despite differences by age, diagnosis group, LAS, and blood type. Mortality rates were highest for candidates aged 65 or older (21.9 deaths per 100 waitlist-years), and increased with increasing age (Figure LU 26). Mortality rates were highest for candidates in group D (24.9 deaths per 100 waitlist-years) and lowest for candidates in group A (4.8 deaths per 100 waitlist-years) (Figure LU 29). Mortality rates differed considerably for candidates with an LAS of 60 or higher and those with an LAS below 60 (Figure LU 30). Mortality rates were highest for candidates in blood group AB in 2018 and 2019 compared with rates for other blood groups (43.4 vs. 12.3-14.8 deaths per 100 waitlist-years) (Figure LU 31). Waitlist mortality was slightly higher for candidates shorter than 150 cm, but this trend has varied by year (Figure LU 32). In 2019, 32.4% of candidates died within 6 months after removal from the waiting list; most deaths occurred in group D candidates and those aged 65 years or older (Figure LU 36, Figure LU 37, Figure LU 38).

Donors

Of the 2755 deceased lung donors in 2019, 196 (7.1%) were aged younger than 18 years, 869 (31.5%) 18-29 years, 644 (23.4%) 30-39 years, 716 (26.0%) 40-54 years, and 330 (12.0%) 55 years or older (Figure LU 40, Figure LU 41); 40% of donors were female (Figure LU 42), 16.5% Black, 16% Hispanic, and 3.7% Asian (Figure LU 43). Deceased donor counts increased in 2019, reflecting data on all donors whose lungs were recovered. In 2019, 6.4% of lungs recovered for transplant were not transplanted, most frequently from donors with anoxia as the cause of death (Figure LU 45, Figure LU 47). Discard rates were similar for increased-risk and standard-risk donors (Figure LU 48). The proportion of donors with a smoking history of 20 pack-years or longer remained stable at 8% (Figure LU 49). The proportion of transplants from donation after circulatory death donors increased in the past 5 years, from 2.3% in 2014 to 5.7% in 2019 (Table LU 8).

Transplant

Characteristics of adult lung transplant recipients

In 2019, 2759 total lung transplants were performed (including adults and pediatric populations), 75.5% bilateral, and only 3.3% were re-transplants (Figure LU 51, Figure LU 52, Table LU 8). By age, in decreasing order, numbers of transplants were: 50-64 years, 1177; 65 years or older, 963; 35-49 years, 337; 18-34 years, 230, and younger than 18 years, 52 (Figure LU 53). Male recipients underwent 1659 transplants (60%) and female recipients 1100 (40%) (Figure LU 54). Numbers of transplants continued to increase for group D candidates and remained stable for other diagnosis groups (Figure LU 56). In 2019, adult candidates in group A underwent 619 transplants; group B, 149; group C, 220; and group D, 1719 (Table LU 7). The number of transplants in candidates with an LAS of 60 or higher increased over time and in 2019 outpaced increases for candidates with lower LAS values (Figure LU 57). Median LAS differed by diagnosis group: 47.3 in group B, 46.3 in group D, 45.0 in group C, and 33.7 in group A (Figure LU 59). Candidates hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) comprised 16.5% of transplant recipients; 10.3% were hospitalized but not in the ICU, trends that have remained stable over the past 5 years. Candidates continued to be bridged to transplant; 3.3% required mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), 2.3% mechanical ventilation only, and 4.0% ECMO only (Table LU 7). Transplant recipient payer services changed over the past 5 years; 51% had private insurance in 2014 and 41.4% in 2019 (Table LU 6). Nearly 50% of transplant recipients lived within 50 miles of their transplant center and only 10.8% 250 or more miles away (Table LU 6).

There are 64 adult lung transplant centers in the US (Figure LU 91). Median transplant center volume for 2019 was 31 lung transplants; the 75th and 95th percentiles were 47 and 118 transplants, respectively (Figure LU 63). Centers performing 101 or more transplants accounted for 22.8% of transplant volume; 41-100, 47.3%; 11-40, 28.2%; and 1-10 1.7% (Figure LU 64).

Outcomes of adult lung transplant recipients

Across all recipients, 1-year survival was 88.8%; 3 year, 74.4%; 5 year, 59.2%, and 10 year, 33.1% (Figure LU 65). Five-year survival differed by age, and was lowest for recipients aged 65 years or older, followed by those aged 18-34, 50-64, and 35-49 years (Figure LU 66). Survival also differed by race, and was lowest for Black recipients after the first year compared with other racial groups (Figure LU 67). Survival did not meaningfully differ by sex (Figure LU 71). Survival varied by LAS, a finding more pronounced with longer time from transplant; however, the difference was only 8.9% between those with the highest 5-year survival (LAS 35-<40) and those with the lowest (LAS 50-<60) (Figure LU 68). Survival was overall higher for recipients of bilateral than for recipients of single lung transplant, a finding likely affected by selection of candidates (Figure LU 69). Interestingly, survival rates were similar over the first 2 years but began to diverge between years 2 and 3. Survival differed by diagnosis group, and was lower for groups B and D than for groups A and C (Figure LU 70).

Induction agents were used commonly; 78% of recipients received induction therapy (Figure LU 60). Acute rejection occurred commonly, in 16% of recipients in the first year, with higher rates for recipients aged 18-49 years than for those aged 50 years or older (Figure LU 74). Incidence of acute rejection within 1 year was highest for recipients who received T-cell depleting agents (18.9%) compared with those who received no induction (17.8%); incidence was lowest for those who received IL2-receptor antagonists (15.1%) (Figure LU 75). This may reflect differences in the population driving the choice for induction agents. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) occurred in 1.7% of recipients by 5 years; incidence was highest in recipients who were Epstein-Barre virus (EBV) negative at the time of transplant (7.6%) (Figure LU 76).

Bronchiolitis obliterans was common after transplant, with incidence of 7.1% at 1 year and 43% by 5 years. Chronic kidney disease with a creatinine above 2.5 mg/dl occurred in 4.3% of recipients by 1 year and in 13.4% by 5 years, but only 3.1% required maintenance dialysis. Malignancy occurred in 3.7% of recipients by 1 year, but is prevalent, occurring in 24.1% by 5 years. The majority of recipients reported unencumbered functional status and only 1.7% required total assistance (Table LU 9).

Pediatric Lung Transplant in the US

Waiting List

In 2019, 72 new pediatric candidates (aged < 18 years) were added to the lung transplant waiting list (Figure LU 77). The number of period-prevalent pediatric candidates (i.e., on the waiting list during a given year) steadily decreased from a peak of 295 in 2009 to 114 in 2019 (Figure LU 78). The largest age group of pediatric candidates on the waiting list in 2019 was 12-17 years (58.8%) followed by 1-5 years (16.7%), 6-11 years (14.9%), and younger than 1 year, 9.6% (Figure LU 79). Most pediatric lung transplant candidates were white (71.9%), followed by Hispanic (16.7%), and Black (8.8%) (Figure LU 80). The majority (74.6%) of pediatric candidates on the waiting list in 2019 had been on the list less than 90 days (Figure LU 82).

Of 84 candidates removed from the waiting list in 2019, 56 (66.7%) were removed due to undergoing transplant, 9 (10.7%) due to death, 5 (6.0%) due to improved condition, and 5 (6.0%) due to becoming too sick to undergo transplant (Table LU 13, Table LU 14). Among child lung transplant candidates listed in 2016, 60.3% underwent deceased donor transplant within 3 years, 16.1% died waiting, 21.4% were removed from the list for reasons other than transplant or death, and 2.2% were still waiting (Figure LU 83). The overall pediatric lung transplant rate rose dramatically in 2013 and increased to the highest rate of 150.3 transplants per 100 waitlist-years in 2019 (Figure LU 84). Transplant rates in 2019 varied with age and were highest for candidates aged 12-17 tears (232.7 per 100 waitlist years), followed by candidates aged less than 1 year (154.7 per 100 waitlist years, n=11), lowest for candidates aged 1-5 years (n = 19), 55.0 per 100 waitlist-years (Figure LU 85). Waitlist mortality increased over the past decade for all pediatric age groups, although the pattern for candidates aged younger than 1 year was unclear due to the small number of candidates (Figure LU 88). In 2019, the waitlist mortality rate ranged from 17.8 deaths per 100 waitlist-years among candidates aged 1-5 years to 34.3 among candidates aged younger than 1 year (Figure LU 88).

Transplant

Characteristics of pediatric lung transplant recipients

In 2019, a total of 52 lung transplants were performed in pediatric recipients aged 0-17 years, four in those aged younger than 1 year, five in those aged 1-5 years, five in those aged 6-10 years, and 38 in those aged 11-17 years (Figure LU 90). In 2019, seven programs were characterized as pediatric only, compared with 53 adult-only programs (Figure LU 91). Over the past decade, cystic fibrosis remained the leading indication for pediatric lung transplant (Table LU 16). More than half of pediatric lung transplant recipients in 2017-2019 were not hospitalized at the time of transplant (Figure LU 16). ECMO use increased to 8.8% in 2017-2019 from 1.2% a decade ago (Figure LU 16). Time to transplant became shorter; wait times for 40.1% of recipients in 2017-2019 were shorter than 31 days, compared with 18.7% in 2007-2009 (Table LU 17). Use of induction therapy changed over time, and 90.4% reported some induction use in 2019 (Figure LU 92). The most common initial immunosuppression regimen was tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and steroids, used in 86.5% of pediatric recipients (Figure LU 93). Among child lung transplant recipients in 2017-2019, the combination of a cytomegalovirus (CMV)-positive donor and CMV-negative recipient occurred in 35.8% of transplants; this combination for EBV occurred in 35.0% of transplants (Table LU 18).

Outcomes of pediatric lung transplant recipients

Across all pediatric recipients who underwent transplant in 2012-2014, overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year patient survival was 87.0%, 63.0%, and 55.2%, respectively (Figure LU 97). Incidence of death was 5.0% at 6 months and 12.5% at 1 year for transplants in 2018, 30.8% at 3 years for transplants in 2016, 47.1% at 5 years for transplants in 2014, and 64.6% at 10 years for transplants in 2009 (Figure LU 96). The incidence of PTLD among EBV-negative recipients who underwent transplant in 2007-2017 was 10.3% at 5 years posttransplant, compared with 1.1% among EBV-positive recipients (Figure LU 95). Complication rates in child lung transplant recipients increased with time posttransplant, including bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (2.1% at 1 year and 32.0% at 5 years) (Table LU 19). For most surviving child lung transplant recipients (90.3%), functional status was reported as fully active at 5 years posttransplant.

Figure List

Waiting list

Figure LU 1. New candidates added to the lung transplant waiting list
Figure LU 2. All adult candidates on the lung transplant waiting list
Figure LU 3. Distribution of adults waiting for lung transplant by age
Figure LU 4. Distribution of adults waiting for lung transplant by sex
Figure LU 5. Distribution of adults waiting for lung transplant by race
Figure LU 6. Distribution of adults waiting for lung transplant by diagnosis
Figure LU 7. Distribution of adults waiting for lung transplant by waiting time
Figure LU 8. Distribution of adult candidates waiting for lung transplant by LAS
Figure LU 9. Distribution of adult candidates waiting for lung transplant by height
Figure LU 10. Distribution of adults waiting for lung transplant by blood type
Figure LU 11. Distribution of adults waiting for lung transplant by prior transplant status
Figure LU 12. Overall deceased donor lung transplant rates among adult waitlist candidates
Figure LU 13. Deceased donor lung transplant rates among adult waitlist candidates by age
Figure LU 14. Deceased donor lung transplant rates among adult waitlist candidates by race
Figure LU 15. Deceased donor lung transplant rates among adult waitlist candidates by diagnosis
Figure LU 16. Deceased donor lung transplant rates among adult waitlist candidates by blood type
Figure LU 17. Deceased donor lung transplant rates among adult waitlist candidates by height
Figure LU 18. Deceased donor lung transplant rates among adult waitlist candidates by metropolitan vs. non-metropolitan residence
Figure LU 19. Three-year outcomes for adults waiting for lung transplant, new listings in 2016
Figure LU 20. Median months to lung transplant for waitlisted adults
Figure LU 21. Median months to lung transplant for waitlisted adults by LAS at listing
Figure LU 22. Percentage of adults who underwent deceased donor lung transplant within a given time period of listing
Figure LU 23. Percentage of adults who underwent deceased donor lung transplant within 1 year of listing, 2018, by DSA
Figure LU 24. Percentage of adults who underwent deceased donor lung transplant within 1 year of listing, 2018, by state
Figure LU 25. Overall pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant
Figure LU 26. Pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant by age
Figure LU 27. Pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant by race
Figure LU 28. Pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant by sex
Figure LU 29. Pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant by diagnosis
Figure LU 30. Pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant by LAS
Figure LU 31. Pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant by blood type
Figure LU 32. Pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant by height
Figure LU 33. Pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant by metropolitan vs. non-metropolitan residence
Figure LU 34. Pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant, by active/inactive status
Figure LU 35. Pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant in 2019 by DSA
Figure LU 36. Deaths within six months after removal among adult lung waitlist candidates, overall
Figure LU 37. Deaths within six months after removal among adult lung waitlist candidates, by diagnosis
Figure LU 38. Deaths within six months after removal among adult lung waitlist candidates, by age

Deceased donation

Figure LU 39. Overall deceased lung donor count
Figure LU 40. Deceased lung donor count by age
Figure LU 41. Distribution of deceased lung donors by age
Figure LU 42. Distribution of deceased lung donors by sex
Figure LU 43. Distribution of deceased lung donors by race
Figure LU 44. Percent of pediatric donor lungs allocated to adult recipients, by DSA of donor hospital, 2015-2019
Figure LU 45. Overall rates of lungs recovered for transplant and not transplanted
Figure LU 46. Rates of lungs recovered for transplant and not transplanted by donor age
Figure LU 47. Rates of lungs recovered for transplant and not transplanted by donor cause of death
Figure LU 48. Rates of lungs recovered for transplant and not transplanted, by donor risk of disease transmission
Figure LU 49. Lung donors with a smoking history of 20 pack-years or more
Figure LU 50. Cause of death among deceased lung donors

Transplant

Figure LU 51. Overall lung transplants
Figure LU 52. Total lung transplants by procedure type
Figure LU 53. Total lung transplants by age
Figure LU 54. Total lung transplants by sex
Figure LU 55. Total lung transplants by race
Figure LU 56. Total lung transplants by diagnosis
Figure LU 57. Total lung transplants by LAS
Figure LU 58. Percentiles of LAS at transplant
Figure LU 59. Median LAS at transplant by diagnosis group
Figure LU 60. Induction agent use in adult lung transplant recipients
Figure LU 61. Immunosuppression regimen use in adult lung transplant recipients
Figure LU 62. Total HLA A, B, and DR mismatches among deceased donor lung transplant recipients aged 18 years or older, 2015-2019
Figure LU 63. Annual adult lung transplant center volumes by percentile
Figure LU 64. Distribution of adult lung transplants by annual center volume

Outcomes

Figure LU 65. Patient death among adult lung transplant recipients
Figure LU 66. Patient survival among adult lung transplant recipients, 2012-2014, by age
Figure LU 67. Patient survival among adult lung transplant recipients, 2012-2014, by race
Figure LU 68. Patient survival among adult lung transplant recipients, 2012-2014, by LAS
Figure LU 69. Patient survival among adult lung transplant recipients, 2012-2014, by transplant type
Figure LU 70. Patient survival among adult lung transplant recipients, 2012-2014, by diagnosis group
Figure LU 71. Patient survival among adult lung transplant recipients, 2012-2014, by sex
Figure LU 72. Patient survival among adult lung transplant recipients, 2012-2014, by metropolitan vs. non-metropolitan recipient residence
Figure LU 73. Recipients alive with a functioning lung graft on June 30 of the year, by age at transplant
Figure LU 74. Incidence of acute rejection by 1 year posttransplant among adult lung transplant recipients by age, 2017-2018
Figure LU 75. Incidence of acute rejection by 1 year posttransplant among adult lung transplant recipients by induction agent, 2017-2018
Figure LU 76. Incidence of PTLD among adult lung transplant recipients by recipient EBV status at transplant, 2013-2017

Pediatric transplant

Figure LU 77. New pediatric candidates added to the lung transplant waiting list
Figure LU 78. All pediatric candidates on the lung transplant waiting list
Figure LU 79. Distribution of pediatric candidates waiting for lung transplant by age
Figure LU 80. Distribution of pediatric candidates waiting for lung transplant by race
Figure LU 81. Distribution of pediatric candidates waiting for lung transplant by sex
Figure LU 82. Distribution of pediatric candidates waiting for lung transplant by waiting time
Figure LU 83. Three-year outcomes for newly listed pediatric candidates waiting for lung transplant, 2016
Figure LU 84. Overall deceased donor lung transplant rates among pediatric waitlist candidates
Figure LU 85. Deceased donor lung transplant rates among pediatric waitlist candidates by age
Figure LU 86. Deceased donor lung transplant rates among pediatric waitlist candidates by race
Figure LU 87. Overall pretransplant mortality rates among pediatric candidates waitlisted for lung
Figure LU 88. Pretransplant mortality rates among pediatric candidates waitlisted for lung transplant by age
Figure LU 89. Overall pediatric lung transplants
Figure LU 90. Pediatric lung transplants by recipient age
Figure LU 91. Number of centers performing pediatric and adult lung transplants by center's age mix
Figure LU 92. Induction agent use in pediatric lung transplant recipients
Figure LU 93. Immunosuppression regimen use in pediatric lung transplant recipients
Figure LU 94. Total HLA A, B, and DR mismatches among pediatric deceased donor lung transplant recipients, 2015-2019
Figure LU 95. Incidence of PTLD among pediatric lung transplant recipients by recipient EBV status at transplant, 2007-2017
Figure LU 96. Patient death among pediatric lung transplant recipients
Figure LU 97. Overall patient survival among pediatric deceased donor lung transplant recipients, 2012-2014

Table List

Waiting list

Table LU 1. Demographic characteristics of adults on the lung transplant waiting list on December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2019
Table LU 2. Clinical characteristics of adults on the lung transplant waiting list on December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2019
Table LU 3. Listing characteristics of adults on the lung transplant waiting list on December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2019
Table LU 4. Lung transplant waitlist activity among adults
Table LU 5. Removal reason among lung transplant candidats aged 18 years or older

Transplant

Table LU 6. Demographic characteristics of adult lung transplant recipients, 2014 and 2019
Table LU 7. Clinical characteristics of adult lung transplant recipients, 2014 and 2019
Table LU 8. Transplant characteristics of adult lung transplant recipients, 2014 and 2019

Outcomes

Table LU 9. Posttransplant events among lung transplant recipients aged 18 years or older

Pediatric transplant

Table LU 10. Demographic characteristics of pediatric candidates on the lung transplant waiting list on December 31, 2009 and December 31, 2019
Table LU 11. Clinical characteristics of pediatric candidates on the lung transplant waiting list on December 31, 2009 and December 31, 2019
Table LU 12. Listing characteristics of pediatric candidates on the lung transplant waiting list on December 31, 2009 and December 31, 2019
Table LU 13. Lung transplant waitlist activity among pediatric candidates
Table LU 14. Removal reason among pediatric lung transplant candidates
Table LU 15. Demographic characteristics of pediatric lung transplant recipients, 2007-2009 and 2017-2019
Table LU 16. Clinical characteristics of pediatric lung transplant recipients, 2007-2009 and 2017-2019
Table LU 17. Transplant characteristics of pediatric lung transplant recipients, 2007-2009 and 2017-2019
Table LU 18. Pediatric lung donor-recipient serology matching, 2017-2019
Table LU 19. Posttransplant events among lung transplant recipients aged 0-17 years

A new candidate is one who first joined the list during the given year, without having been listed in a previous year. Previously listed candidates who underwent transplant and subsequently relisted are considered new. Active and inactive patients are included.

Figure LU 1. New candidates added to the lung transplant waiting list
A new candidate is one who first joined the list during the given year, without having been listed in a previous year. Previously listed candidates who underwent transplant and subsequently relisted are considered new. Active and inactive patients are included.


Adult candidates on the list at any time during the year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing.

Figure LU 2. All adult candidates on the lung transplant waiting list
Adult candidates on the list at any time during the year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing.


Candidates waiting for transplant at any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Age is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year. Active and inactive candidates are included.

Figure LU 3. Distribution of adults waiting for lung transplant by age
Candidates waiting for transplant at any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Age is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year. Active and inactive candidates are included.


Candidates waiting for transplant at any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Active and inactive patients are included.

Figure LU 4. Distribution of adults waiting for lung transplant by sex
Candidates waiting for transplant at any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Active and inactive patients are included.


Candidates waiting for transplant at any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Active and inactive patients are included.

Figure LU 5. Distribution of adults waiting for lung transplant by race
Candidates waiting for transplant at any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Active and inactive patients are included.


Candidates waiting for transplant at any time in the given year. Active and inactive patients are included.

Figure LU 6. Distribution of adults waiting for lung transplant by diagnosis
Candidates waiting for transplant at any time in the given year. Active and inactive patients are included.


Candidates waiting for transplant at any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing.  Time on the waiting list is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year. Active and inactive candidates are included.

Figure LU 7. Distribution of adults waiting for lung transplant by waiting time
Candidates waiting for transplant at any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Time on the waiting list is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year. Active and inactive candidates are included.


Candidates waiting for transplant at any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing.  LAS, lung allocation score.

Figure LU 8. Distribution of adult candidates waiting for lung transplant by LAS
Candidates waiting for transplant at any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. LAS, lung allocation score.


Candidates waiting for transplant at any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing.

Figure LU 9. Distribution of adult candidates waiting for lung transplant by height
Candidates waiting for transplant at any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing.


Candidates waiting for transplant at any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Active and inactive patients are included.

Figure LU 10. Distribution of adults waiting for lung transplant by blood type
Candidates waiting for transplant at any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Active and inactive patients are included.


Candidates waiting for transplant at any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Active and inactive patients are included.

Figure LU 11. Distribution of adults waiting for lung transplant by prior transplant status
Candidates waiting for transplant at any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Active and inactive patients are included.


Transplant rates are computed as the number of deceased donor transplants per 100 patient-years of wait time in a given year. Individual listings are counted separately.

Figure LU 12. Overall deceased donor lung transplant rates among adult waitlist candidates
Transplant rates are computed as the number of deceased donor transplants per 100 patient-years of wait time in a given year. Individual listings are counted separately.


Transplant rates are computed as the number of deceased donor transplants per 100 patient-years of wait time in a given year. Individual listings are counted separately. Age is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year.

Figure LU 13. Deceased donor lung transplant rates among adult waitlist candidates by age
Transplant rates are computed as the number of deceased donor transplants per 100 patient-years of wait time in a given year. Individual listings are counted separately. Age is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year.


Transplant rates are computed as the number of deceased donor transplants per 100 patient-years of wait time in a given year. Individual listings are counted separately.

Figure LU 14. Deceased donor lung transplant rates among adult waitlist candidates by race
Transplant rates are computed as the number of deceased donor transplants per 100 patient-years of wait time in a given year. Individual listings are counted separately.


Transplant rates are computed as the number of deceased donor transplants per 100 patient-years of wait time in a given year. Individual listings are counted separately.

Figure LU 15. Deceased donor lung transplant rates among adult waitlist candidates by diagnosis
Transplant rates are computed as the number of deceased donor transplants per 100 patient-years of wait time in a given year. Individual listings are counted separately.


Transplant rates are computed as the number of deceased donor transplants per 100 patient-years of wait time in a given year. Individual listings are counted separately.

Figure LU 16. Deceased donor lung transplant rates among adult waitlist candidates by blood type
Transplant rates are computed as the number of deceased donor transplants per 100 patient-years of wait time in a given year. Individual listings are counted separately.


Transplant rates are computed as the number of deceased donor transplants per 100 patient-years of wait time in a given year. Individual listings are counted separately.

Figure LU 17. Deceased donor lung transplant rates among adult waitlist candidates by height
Transplant rates are computed as the number of deceased donor transplants per 100 patient-years of wait time in a given year. Individual listings are counted separately.


Transplant rates are computed as the number of deceased donor transplants per 100 patient-years of wait time in a given year. Individual listings are counted separately. Urban/rural determination is made using the RUCA (Rural-Urban Commuting Area) designation of the candidate

Figure LU 18. Deceased donor lung transplant rates among adult waitlist candidates by metropolitan vs. non-metropolitan residence
Transplant rates are computed as the number of deceased donor transplants per 100 patient-years of wait time in a given year. Individual listings are counted separately. Urban/rural determination is made using the RUCA (Rural-Urban Commuting Area) designation of the candidate's permanent zip code.


Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Removed from list includes all reasons except transplant and death. DD, deceased donor.

Figure LU 19. Three-year outcomes for adults waiting for lung transplant, new listings in 2016
Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Removed from list includes all reasons except transplant and death. DD, deceased donor.


Observations censored on December 31, 2019; Kaplan-Meier competing risk methods used to estimate time to transplant. Analysis performed per listing. If an estimate is not plotted, 50% of the cohort listed in that year had not undergone transplant by the censoring date. Only the first transplant is counted.

Figure LU 20. Median months to lung transplant for waitlisted adults
Observations censored on December 31, 2019; Kaplan-Meier competing risk methods used to estimate time to transplant. Analysis performed per listing. If an estimate is not plotted, 50% of the cohort listed in that year had not undergone transplant by the censoring date. Only the first transplant is counted.


Observations censored on December 31, 2019; Kaplan-Meier competing risk methods used to estimate time to transplant. Analysis performed per listing. If an estimate is not plotted, 50% of the cohort listed in that year had not undergone transplant by the censoring date. Only the first transplant is counted.

Figure LU 21. Median months to lung transplant for waitlisted adults by LAS at listing
Observations censored on December 31, 2019; Kaplan-Meier competing risk methods used to estimate time to transplant. Analysis performed per listing. If an estimate is not plotted, 50% of the cohort listed in that year had not undergone transplant by the censoring date. Only the first transplant is counted.


Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing.

Figure LU 22. Percentage of adults who underwent deceased donor lung transplant within a given time period of listing
Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing.


Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing.

Figure LU 23. Percentage of adults who underwent deceased donor lung transplant within 1 year of listing, 2018, by DSA
Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing.


Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. State is candidate

Figure LU 24. Percentage of adults who underwent deceased donor lung transplant within 1 year of listing, 2018, by state
Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. State is candidate's home state.


Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately.

Figure LU 25. Overall pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant
Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately.


Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately. Age is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year.

Figure LU 26. Pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant by age
Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately. Age is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year.


Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately.

Figure LU 27. Pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant by race
Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately.


Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately.

Figure LU 28. Pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant by sex
Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately.


Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately.

Figure LU 29. Pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant by diagnosis
Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately.


Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately.

Figure LU 30. Pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant by LAS
Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately.


Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately.

Figure LU 31. Pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant by blood type
Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately.


Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately.

Figure LU 32. Pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant by height
Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately.


Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately. Urban/rural determination is made using the RUCA (Rural-Urban Commuting Area) designation of the candidate

Figure LU 33. Pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant by metropolitan vs. non-metropolitan residence
Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately. Urban/rural determination is made using the RUCA (Rural-Urban Commuting Area) designation of the candidate's permanent zip code.


Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately. Status (active/inactive) is assessed on the later of January 1 of the given year and listing date.

Figure LU 34. Pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant, by active/inactive status
Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately. Status (active/inactive) is assessed on the later of January 1 of the given year and listing date.


Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately.

Figure LU 35. Pretransplant mortality rates among adults waitlisted for lung transplant in 2019 by DSA
Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately.


Denominator includes only candidates removed from the waiting list for reasons other than transplant or death while on the list.

Figure LU 36. Deaths within six months after removal among adult lung waitlist candidates, overall
Denominator includes only candidates removed from the waiting list for reasons other than transplant or death while on the list.


Denominator includes only candidates removed from the waiting list for reasons other than transplant or death while on the list.

Figure LU 37. Deaths within six months after removal among adult lung waitlist candidates, by diagnosis
Denominator includes only candidates removed from the waiting list for reasons other than transplant or death while on the list.


Denominator includes only candidates removed from the waiting list for reasons other than transplant or death while on the list. Age is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year.

Figure LU 38. Deaths within six months after removal among adult lung waitlist candidates, by age
Denominator includes only candidates removed from the waiting list for reasons other than transplant or death while on the list. Age is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year.


Count of deceased donors with at least one lung recovered. Donors are counted once, regardless of the number of lungs recovered.

Figure LU 39. Overall deceased lung donor count
Count of deceased donors with at least one lung recovered. Donors are counted once, regardless of the number of lungs recovered.


Count of deceased donors with at least one lung recovered. Donors are counted once, regardless of the number of lungs recovered.

Figure LU 40. Deceased lung donor count by age
Count of deceased donors with at least one lung recovered. Donors are counted once, regardless of the number of lungs recovered.


Deceased donors whose lungs were recovered for transplant. Donors are counted once, regardless of the number of lungs recovered.

Figure LU 41. Distribution of deceased lung donors by age
Deceased donors whose lungs were recovered for transplant. Donors are counted once, regardless of the number of lungs recovered.


Deceased donors whose lungs were recovered for transplant. Donors are counted once, regardless of the number of lungs recovered.

Figure LU 42. Distribution of deceased lung donors by sex
Deceased donors whose lungs were recovered for transplant. Donors are counted once, regardless of the number of lungs recovered.


Deceased donors whose lungs were recovered for transplant. Donors are counted once, regardless of the number of lungs recovered.

Figure LU 43. Distribution of deceased lung donors by race
Deceased donors whose lungs were recovered for transplant. Donors are counted once, regardless of the number of lungs recovered.


Numerator: pediatric donor lungs donors allocated to adult recipients. Denominator: total pediatric donor lungs. When lungs are transplanted individually, we count them separately. When they are transplanted as a block, the are considered one lung.

Figure LU 44. Percent of pediatric donor lungs allocated to adult recipients, by DSA of donor hospital, 2015-2019
Numerator: pediatric donor lungs donors allocated to adult recipients. Denominator: total pediatric donor lungs. When lungs are transplanted individually, we count them separately. When they are transplanted as a block, the are considered one lung.



Percentages of lungs not transplanted out of all lungs recovered for transplant.

Figure LU 45. Overall rates of lungs recovered for transplant and not transplanted
Percentages of lungs not transplanted out of all lungs recovered for transplant.



Percentages of lungs not transplanted out of all lungs recovered for transplant.

Figure LU 46. Rates of lungs recovered for transplant and not transplanted by donor age
Percentages of lungs not transplanted out of all lungs recovered for transplant.



Percentages of lungs not transplanted out of all lungs recovered for transplant.

Figure LU 47. Rates of lungs recovered for transplant and not transplanted by donor cause of death
Percentages of lungs not transplanted out of all lungs recovered for transplant.


Percentages of lungs not transplanted out of all lungs recovered for transplant.  "Increased risk" is defined by criteria from the US Public Health Service Guidelines for increased risk for HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C transmission.

Figure LU 48. Rates of lungs recovered for transplant and not transplanted, by donor risk of disease transmission
Percentages of lungs not transplanted out of all lungs recovered for transplant. "Increased risk" is defined by criteria from the US Public Health Service Guidelines for increased risk for HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C transmission.


All deceased donors whose lungs were transplanted in the given year.

Figure LU 49. Lung donors with a smoking history of 20 pack-years or more
All deceased donors whose lungs were transplanted in the given year.


Deceased donors whose lungs were transplanted. CVA, cerebrovascular accident.

Figure LU 50. Cause of death among deceased lung donors
Deceased donors whose lungs were transplanted. CVA, cerebrovascular accident.


All lung transplant recipients, including adult and pediatric, retransplant, and multi-organ recipients.

Figure LU 51. Overall lung transplants
All lung transplant recipients, including adult and pediatric, retransplant, and multi-organ recipients.


All lung transplant recipients, including adult and pediatric, retransplant, and multi-organ recipients.

Figure LU 52. Total lung transplants by procedure type
All lung transplant recipients, including adult and pediatric, retransplant, and multi-organ recipients.


All lung transplant recipients, including adult and pediatric, retransplant, and multi-organ recipients.

Figure LU 53. Total lung transplants by age
All lung transplant recipients, including adult and pediatric, retransplant, and multi-organ recipients.


All lung transplant recipients, including adult and pediatric, retransplant, and multi-organ recipients.

Figure LU 54. Total lung transplants by sex
All lung transplant recipients, including adult and pediatric, retransplant, and multi-organ recipients.


All lung transplant recipients, including adult and pediatric, retransplant, and multi-organ recipients.

Figure LU 55. Total lung transplants by race
All lung transplant recipients, including adult and pediatric, retransplant, and multi-organ recipients.


All lung transplant recipients, including adult and pediatric, retransplant, and multi-organ recipients.

Figure LU 56. Total lung transplants by diagnosis
All lung transplant recipients, including adult and pediatric, retransplant, and multi-organ recipients.


All lung transplant recipients, including adult and pediatric, retransplant, and multi-organ recipients.

Figure LU 57. Total lung transplants by LAS
All lung transplant recipients, including adult and pediatric, retransplant, and multi-organ recipients.


Recipients aged 18 years or older; last LAS before transplant.

Figure LU 58. Percentiles of LAS at transplant
Recipients aged 18 years or older; last LAS before transplant.


Recipients aged 18 years or older; last LAS before transplant.

Figure LU 59. Median LAS at transplant by diagnosis group
Recipients aged 18 years or older; last LAS before transplant.


Immunosuppression at transplant reported to the OPTN.

Figure LU 60. Induction agent use in adult lung transplant recipients
Immunosuppression at transplant reported to the OPTN.


Immunosuppression regimen at transplant reported to the OPTN. Tac, tacrolimus. MMF, all mycophenolate agents.

Figure LU 61. Immunosuppression regimen use in adult lung transplant recipients
Immunosuppression regimen at transplant reported to the OPTN. Tac, tacrolimus. MMF, all mycophenolate agents.


Donor and recipient antigen matching is based on OPTN antigen values and split equivalences policy as of 2018.

Figure LU 62. Total HLA A, B, and DR mismatches among deceased donor lung transplant recipients aged 18 years or older, 2015-2019
Donor and recipient antigen matching is based on OPTN antigen values and split equivalences policy as of 2018.


Annual volume data are limited to recipients aged 18 years or older.

Figure LU 63. Annual adult lung transplant center volumes by percentile
Annual volume data are limited to recipients aged 18 years or older.


Based on annual volume data among recipients aged 18 or older.

Figure LU 64. Distribution of adult lung transplants by annual center volume
Based on annual volume data among recipients aged 18 or older.


All adult recipients of deceased donor lungs, including multi-organ transplants.

Figure LU 65. Patient death among adult lung transplant recipients
All adult recipients of deceased donor lungs, including multi-organ transplants.


Patient survival estimated using unadjusted Kaplan-Meier methods.

Figure LU 66. Patient survival among adult lung transplant recipients, 2012-2014, by age
Patient survival estimated using unadjusted Kaplan-Meier methods.


Patient survival estimated using unadjusted Kaplan-Meier methods.

Figure LU 67. Patient survival among adult lung transplant recipients, 2012-2014, by race
Patient survival estimated using unadjusted Kaplan-Meier methods.


Patient survival estimated using unadjusted Kaplan-Meier methods.

Figure LU 68. Patient survival among adult lung transplant recipients, 2012-2014, by LAS
Patient survival estimated using unadjusted Kaplan-Meier methods.


Patient survival estimated using unadjusted Kaplan-Meier methods.

Figure LU 69. Patient survival among adult lung transplant recipients, 2012-2014, by transplant type
Patient survival estimated using unadjusted Kaplan-Meier methods.


Patient survival estimated using unadjusted Kaplan-Meier methods.

Figure LU 70. Patient survival among adult lung transplant recipients, 2012-2014, by diagnosis group
Patient survival estimated using unadjusted Kaplan-Meier methods.


Patient survival estimated using unadjusted Kaplan-Meier methods.

Figure LU 71. Patient survival among adult lung transplant recipients, 2012-2014, by sex
Patient survival estimated using unadjusted Kaplan-Meier methods.


Patient survival estimated using unadjusted Kaplan-Meier methods.

Figure LU 72. Patient survival among adult lung transplant recipients, 2012-2014, by metropolitan vs. non-metropolitan recipient residence
Patient survival estimated using unadjusted Kaplan-Meier methods.


Recipients are assumed to be alive with function unless a death or graft failure is recorded. A recipient may experience a graft failure and be removed from the cohort, undergo retransplant, and re-enter the cohort.

Figure LU 73. Recipients alive with a functioning lung graft on June 30 of the year, by age at transplant
Recipients are assumed to be alive with function unless a death or graft failure is recorded. A recipient may experience a graft failure and be removed from the cohort, undergo retransplant, and re-enter the cohort.


Only the first reported rejection event is counted. Cumulative incidence is estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.

Figure LU 74. Incidence of acute rejection by 1 year posttransplant among adult lung transplant recipients by age, 2017-2018
Only the first reported rejection event is counted. Cumulative incidence is estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.


Only the first reported rejection event is counted. Cumulative incidence is estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. IL2-RA, interleukin-2 receptor agonist; TCD, T-cell depleting.

Figure LU 75. Incidence of acute rejection by 1 year posttransplant among adult lung transplant recipients by induction agent, 2017-2018
Only the first reported rejection event is counted. Cumulative incidence is estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. IL2-RA, interleukin-2 receptor agonist; TCD, T-cell depleting.


Cumulative incidence is estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. PTLD is identified as a reported complication or cause of death on the OPTN Transplant Recipient Follow-up Form or the Posttransplant Malignancy Form as polymorphic PTLD, monomorphic PTLD, or Hodgkin

Figure LU 76. Incidence of PTLD among adult lung transplant recipients by recipient EBV status at transplant, 2013-2017
Cumulative incidence is estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. PTLD is identified as a reported complication or cause of death on the OPTN Transplant Recipient Follow-up Form or the Posttransplant Malignancy Form as polymorphic PTLD, monomorphic PTLD, or Hodgkin's disease. Only the earliest date of PTLD diagnosis is considered. EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; PTLD, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder.


A new candidate is one who first joined the list during the given year, without having been listed in a previous year. Previously listed candidates who underwent transplant and subsequently relisted are considered new. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Active and inactive patients are included.

Figure LU 77. New pediatric candidates added to the lung transplant waiting list
A new candidate is one who first joined the list during the given year, without having been listed in a previous year. Previously listed candidates who underwent transplant and subsequently relisted are considered new. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Active and inactive patients are included.


Pediatric candidates listed at any time during the year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing.

Figure LU 78. All pediatric candidates on the lung transplant waiting list
Pediatric candidates listed at any time during the year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing.


Candidates waiting for transplant at any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Age is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year. Active and inactive candidates are included.

Figure LU 79. Distribution of pediatric candidates waiting for lung transplant by age
Candidates waiting for transplant at any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Age is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year. Active and inactive candidates are included.


Candidates waiting for transplant any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Active and inactive candidates are included.

Figure LU 80. Distribution of pediatric candidates waiting for lung transplant by race
Candidates waiting for transplant any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Active and inactive candidates are included.


Candidates waiting for transplant any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Active and inactive patients are included.

Figure LU 81. Distribution of pediatric candidates waiting for lung transplant by sex
Candidates waiting for transplant any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Active and inactive patients are included.


Candidates waiting for transplant any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Time on the waiting list is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year. Active and inactive candidates are included.

Figure LU 82. Distribution of pediatric candidates waiting for lung transplant by waiting time
Candidates waiting for transplant any time in the given year. Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Time on the waiting list is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year. Active and inactive candidates are included.


Pediatric candidates who joined the waitlist in 2016. Pediatric candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Removed from list includes all reasons except transplant and death. DD, deceased donor.

Figure LU 83. Three-year outcomes for newly listed pediatric candidates waiting for lung transplant, 2016
Pediatric candidates who joined the waitlist in 2016. Pediatric candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Removed from list includes all reasons except transplant and death. DD, deceased donor.


Transplant rates are computed as the number of deceased donor transplants per 100 patient-years of waiting in a given year. Individual listings are counted separately. Age is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year.

Figure LU 84. Overall deceased donor lung transplant rates among pediatric waitlist candidates
Transplant rates are computed as the number of deceased donor transplants per 100 patient-years of waiting in a given year. Individual listings are counted separately. Age is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year.


Transplant rates are computed as the number of deceased donor transplants per 100 patient-years of waiting in a given year. Individual listings are counted separately. Age is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year.

Figure LU 85. Deceased donor lung transplant rates among pediatric waitlist candidates by age
Transplant rates are computed as the number of deceased donor transplants per 100 patient-years of waiting in a given year. Individual listings are counted separately. Age is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year.


Transplant rates are computed as the number of deceased donor transplants per 100 patient-years of waiting in a given year. Individual listings are counted separately. Age is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year.

Figure LU 86. Deceased donor lung transplant rates among pediatric waitlist candidates by race
Transplant rates are computed as the number of deceased donor transplants per 100 patient-years of waiting in a given year. Individual listings are counted separately. Age is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year.


Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately. Individual listings are counted separately.

Figure LU 87. Overall pretransplant mortality rates among pediatric candidates waitlisted for lung
Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately. Individual listings are counted separately.


Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately. Age is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year.

Figure LU 88. Pretransplant mortality rates among pediatric candidates waitlisted for lung transplant by age
Mortality rates are computed as the number of deaths per 100 patient-years of waiting in the given year. Waiting time is censored at transplant, death, transfer to another program, removal because of improved condition, or end of cohort. Individual listings are counted separately. Age is determined at the later of listing date or January 1 of the given year.


All pediatric lung transplant recipients, including retransplant, and multi-organ recipients.

Figure LU 89. Overall pediatric lung transplants
All pediatric lung transplant recipients, including retransplant, and multi-organ recipients.


All pediatric lung transplant recipients, including retransplant, and multi-organ recipients.

Figure LU 90. Pediatric lung transplants by recipient age
All pediatric lung transplant recipients, including retransplant, and multi-organ recipients.


Adult centers transplanted only recipients aged 18 years or older. Functionally adult centers transplanted 80% adults or more, and the remainder were children aged 15-17 years. Mixed included adults and children of any age groups. Pediatric center transplanted recipients aged 0-17 years, and a small number of adults up to age 21 years.

Figure LU 91. Number of centers performing pediatric and adult lung transplants by center's age mix
Adult centers transplanted only recipients aged 18 years or older. Functionally adult centers transplanted 80% adults or more, and the remainder were children aged 15-17 years. Mixed included adults and children of any age groups. Pediatric center transplanted recipients aged 0-17 years, and a small number of adults up to age 21 years.


Immunosuppression at transplant reported to the OPTN.

Figure LU 92. Induction agent use in pediatric lung transplant recipients
Immunosuppression at transplant reported to the OPTN.


Immunosuppression regimen at transplant reported to the OPTN. Tac, tacrolimus. MMF, all mycophenolate agents.

Figure LU 93. Immunosuppression regimen use in pediatric lung transplant recipients
Immunosuppression regimen at transplant reported to the OPTN. Tac, tacrolimus. MMF, all mycophenolate agents.


Donor and recipient antigen matching is based on OPTN antigen values and split equivalences policy as of 2018.

Figure LU 94. Total HLA A, B, and DR mismatches among pediatric deceased donor lung transplant recipients, 2015-2019
Donor and recipient antigen matching is based on OPTN antigen values and split equivalences policy as of 2018.


Cumulative incidence is estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. PTLD is identified as a reported complication or cause of death on the OPTN Transplant Recipient Follow-up Form or on the Posttransplant Malignancy Form as polymorphic PTLD, monomorphic PTLD, or Hodgkin

Figure LU 95. Incidence of PTLD among pediatric lung transplant recipients by recipient EBV status at transplant, 2007-2017
Cumulative incidence is estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. PTLD is identified as a reported complication or cause of death on the OPTN Transplant Recipient Follow-up Form or on the Posttransplant Malignancy Form as polymorphic PTLD, monomorphic PTLD, or Hodgkin's disease. Only the earliest date of PTLD diagnosis is considered. EBV, Epstein-Barr virus.


All pediatric recipients of deceased donor lungs, including multi-organ transplants.  Estimates are unadjusted, computed using Kaplan-Meier competing risk methods. Recipients are followed to the earliest of kidney graft failure; kidney retransplant; return to dialysis; death; or 6 months, 1, 3, 5, or 10 years posttransplant.

Figure LU 96. Patient death among pediatric lung transplant recipients
All pediatric recipients of deceased donor lungs, including multi-organ transplants. Estimates are unadjusted, computed using Kaplan-Meier competing risk methods. Recipients are followed to the earliest of kidney graft failure; kidney retransplant; return to dialysis; death; or 6 months, 1, 3, 5, or 10 years posttransplant.


Recipient survival estimated using unadjusted Kaplan-Meier methods.

Figure LU 97. Overall patient survival among pediatric deceased donor lung transplant recipients, 2012-2014
Recipient survival estimated using unadjusted Kaplan-Meier methods.


Table LU 1. Demographic characteristics of adults on the lung transplant waiting list on December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2019
Candidates waiting for transplant on December 31 of the given year, regardless of first listing date. Distance is computed from candidate's home zip code to the transplant center.
Characteristic 2014, N 2014, Percent 2019, N 2019, Percent
Age: 18-34 years 183 10.9% 100 7.0%
Age: 35-49 years 270 16.0% 203 14.3%
Age: 50-64 years 869 51.6% 675 47.4%
Age: ≥ 65 years 361 21.4% 445 31.3%
Sex: Female 1007 59.8% 859 60.4%
Sex: Male 676 40.2% 564 39.6%
Race/ethnicity: White 1336 79.4% 987 69.4%
Race/ethnicity: Black 171 10.2% 186 13.1%
Race/ethnicity: Hispanic 116 6.9% 185 13.0%
Race/ethnicity: Asian 47 2.8% 51 3.6%
Race/ethnicity: Other/unknown 13 0.8% 14 1.0%
Geography: Metropolitan 1391 82.7% 1199 84.3%
Geography: Non-metro 292 17.3% 224 15.7%
Distance: < 50 miles 750 44.6% 763 53.6%
Distance: 50-<100 miles 330 19.6% 264 18.6%
Distance: 100-<150 miles 191 11.3% 128 9.0%
Distance: 150-<250 miles 205 12.2% 132 9.3%
Distance: ≥ 250 miles 198 11.8% 130 9.1%
Distance: Unknown 9 0.5% 6 0.4%
Height: < 150 cm 59 3.5% 58 4.1%
Height: 150-< 160 cm 378 22.5% 342 24.0%
Height: 160-< 170 cm 613 36.4% 485 34.1%
Height: 170-< 180 cm 461 27.4% 381 26.8%
Height: ≥ 180 cm 171 10.2% 155 10.9%
Height: Unknown 1 0.1% 2 0.1%
All candidates 1683 100.0% 1423 100.0%



Table LU 2. Clinical characteristics of adults on the lung transplant waiting list on December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2019
Candidates waiting for transplant on December 31 of the given year, regardless of first listing date. All candidates with unknown LAS in are inactive.
Characteristic 2014, N 2014, Percent 2019, N 2019, Percent
Diagnosis group: A 737 43.8% 532 37.4%
Diagnosis group: B 130 7.7% 158 11.1%
Diagnosis group: C 171 10.2% 102 7.2%
Diagnosis group: D 645 38.3% 631 44.3%
LAS: < 30 40 2.4% 61 4.3%
LAS: 30-< 35 796 47.3% 549 38.6%
LAS: 35-< 40 396 23.5% 421 29.6%
LAS: 40-< 50 275 16.3% 268 18.8%
LAS: 50-< 60 84 5.0% 53 3.7%
LAS: ≥ 60 76 4.5% 71 5.0%
LAS: Unknown 16 1.0% 0 0.0%
Blood type: A 671 39.9% 453 31.8%
Blood type: B 156 9.3% 143 10.0%
Blood type: AB 50 3.0% 31 2.2%
Blood type: O 806 47.9% 796 55.9%
All candidates 1683 100.0% 1423 100.0%



Table LU 3. Listing characteristics of adults on the lung transplant waiting list on December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2019
Candidates waiting for transplant on December 31 of the given year, regardless of first listing date.
Characteristic 2014, N 2014, Percent 2019, N 2019, Percent
Wait time: < 31 days 199 11.8% 189 13.3%
Wait time: 31-60 days 125 7.4% 150 10.5%
Wait time: 61-90 days 107 6.4% 121 8.5%
Wait time: 3-< 6 months 249 14.8% 247 17.4%
Wait time: 6-< 12 months 300 17.8% 261 18.3%
Wait time: 1-< 2 years 335 19.9% 271 19.0%
Wait time: 2-< 3 years 133 7.9% 84 5.9%
Wait time: ≥ 3 years 235 14.0% 100 7.0%
Waitlist status: Active 1370 81.4% 1137 79.9%
Waitlist status: Inactive 313 18.6% 256 18.0%
Waitlist status: Unknown 0 0.0% 30 2.1%
Transplant history: First 1639 97.4% 1392 97.8%
Transplant history: Retransplant 44 2.6% 31 2.2%
Tx type: Lung only 1614 95.9% 1324 93.0%
Tx type: Heart-lung 58 3.4% 74 5.2%
Tx type: Other 11 0.7% 25 1.8%
All candidates 1683 100.0% 1423 100.0%



Table LU 4. Lung transplant waitlist activity among adults
Candidates listed at more than one center are counted once per listing. Candidates who are listed, undergo transplant, and are relisted are counted more than once. Candidates are not considered to be on the list on the day they are removed; counts on January 1 may differ from counts on December 31 of the prior year. Candidates listed for multi-organ transplants are included.
Waiting list state 2017 2018 2019
Patients at start of year 1424 1382 1442
Patients added during year 2982 3200 3244
Patients removed during year 3017 3131 3263
Patients at end of year 1389 1451 1423



Table LU 5. Removal reason among lung transplant candidats aged 18 years or older
Removal reason as reported to the OPTN. Candidates with death dates that precede removal dates are assumed to have died waiting.
Removal reason 2017 2018 2019
Deceased donor transplant 2423 2515 2692
Living donor transplant 0 0 0
Patient died 228 236 173
Patient refused transplant 11 22 11
Improved, transplant not needed 42 48 41
Too sick for transplant 121 139 143
Other 192 171 203



Table LU 6. Demographic characteristics of adult lung transplant recipients, 2014 and 2019
Lung transplant recipients, including retransplants. Distance is computed from recipient's home zip code to the transplant center.
Characteristic 2014, N 2014, Percent 2019, N 2019, Percent
Age: 18-34 years 200 10.5% 230 8.5%
Age: 35-49 years 238 12.5% 337 12.4%
Age: 50-64 years 906 47.7% 1177 43.5%
Age: ≥ 65 years 554 29.2% 963 35.6%
Sex: Female 731 38.5% 1073 39.6%
Sex: Male 1167 61.5% 1634 60.4%
Race/ethnicity: White 1561 82.2% 2070 76.5%
Race/ethnicity: Black 156 8.2% 265 9.8%
Race/ethnicity: Hispanic 131 6.9% 286 10.6%
Race/ethnicity: Asian 41 2.2% 70 2.6%
Race/ethnicity: Other/unknown 9 0.5% 16 0.6%
Height: < 150 cm 38 2.0% 56 2.1%
Height: 150-< 160 cm 222 11.7% 382 14.1%
Height: 160-< 170 cm 578 30.5% 809 29.9%
Height: 170-< 180 cm 668 35.2% 949 35.1%
Height: ≥ 180 cm 387 20.4% 507 18.7%
Height: Unknown 5 0.3% 4 0.1%
Insurance: Private 968 51.0% 1120 41.4%
Insurance: Medicare 751 39.6% 1252 46.3%
Insurance: Other government 158 8.3% 290 10.7%
Insurance: Unknown 21 1.1% 45 1.7%
Geography: Metropolitan 1556 82.0% 2239 82.7%
Geography: Non-metro 342 18.0% 468 17.3%
Distance: < 50 miles 930 49.0% 1313 48.5%
Distance: 50-<100 miles 298 15.7% 502 18.5%
Distance: 100-<150 miles 196 10.3% 270 10.0%
Distance: 150-<250 miles 210 11.1% 287 10.6%
Distance: ≥ 250 miles 238 12.5% 292 10.8%
Distance: Unknown 26 1.4% 43 1.6%
All recipients 1898 100.0% 2707 100.0%



Table LU 7. Clinical characteristics of adult lung transplant recipients, 2014 and 2019
Lung transplant recipients, including retransplants. ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Characteristic 2014, N 2014, Percent 2019, N 2019, Percent
Diagnosis group: A 458 24.1% 619 22.9%
Diagnosis group: B 53 2.8% 149 5.5%
Diagnosis group: C 202 10.6% 220 8.1%
Diagnosis group: D 1185 62.4% 1719 63.5%
Blood type: A 751 39.6% 1068 39.5%
Blood type: B 220 11.6% 324 12.0%
Blood type: AB 79 4.2% 105 3.9%
Blood type: O 848 44.7% 1210 44.7%
Medical condition: Hospitalized in ICU 303 16.0% 447 16.5%
Medical condition: Hospitalized, not ICU 196 10.3% 278 10.3%
Medical condition: Not hospitalized 1399 73.7% 1977 73.0%
Medical condition: Hospitalization unknown 0 0.0% 5 0.2%
LAS: < 30 4 0.2% 3 0.1%
LAS: 30-< 35 371 19.5% 582 21.5%
LAS: 35-< 40 336 17.7% 565 20.9%
LAS: 40-< 50 451 23.8% 629 23.2%
LAS: 50-< 60 236 12.4% 250 9.2%
LAS: ≥ 60 500 26.3% 678 25.0%
Vent/ECMO at transplant: Vent + ECMO 66 3.5% 88 3.3%
Vent/ECMO at transplant: Vent only 75 4.0% 63 2.3%
Vent/ECMO at transplant: ECMO only 44 2.3% 108 4.0%
Vent/ECMO at transplant: Neither 1713 90.3% 2448 90.4%
All recipients 1898 100.0% 2707 100.0%



Table LU 8. Transplant characteristics of adult lung transplant recipients, 2014 and 2019
Lung transplant recipients, including retransplants. DBD, donation after brain death; DCD, donation after circulatory death.
Characteristic 2014, N 2014, Percent 2019, N 2019, Percent
Wait time: < 31 days 647 34.1% 1106 40.9%
Wait time: 31-60 days 298 15.7% 419 15.5%
Wait time: 61-90 days 190 10.0% 259 9.6%
Wait time: 3-< 6 months 297 15.6% 373 13.8%
Wait time: 6-< 12 months 232 12.2% 290 10.7%
Wait time: ≥ 1 year 234 12.3% 260 9.6%
Procedure: Lobar 2 0.1% 0 0.0%
Procedure: Single 611 32.2% 676 25.0%
Procedure: Bilateral 1285 67.7% 2031 75.0%
Donor type: DBD 1855 97.7% 2552 94.3%
Donor type: DCD 43 2.3% 155 5.7%
Transplant history: First 1816 95.7% 2618 96.7%
Transplant history: Retransplant 82 4.3% 89 3.3%
Tx type: Lung only 1870 98.5% 2638 97.5%
Tx type: Heart-lung 17 0.9% 42 1.6%
Tx type: Other 11 0.6% 27 1.0%
All recipients 1898 100.0% 2707 100.0%



Table LU 9. Posttransplant events among lung transplant recipients aged 18 years or older
Posttransplant morbidities are recorded on the OPTN Transplant Recipient Follow-up Form and are included in the table if they were reported anytime on or before 1-year and 5-year follow-up. One-year events are reported for recipients in 2016-2018 and 5-year events for recipients in 2012-2014. Recipients of more than one transplant are counted separately per transplant.
Event One-year, N One-year, Pct Five-year, N Five-year, Pct
BOS: None reported 5744 90.0% 1774 56.9%
BOS: Reported 456 7.1% 1342 43.0%
BOS: Unknown 185 2.9% 2 0.1%
Creatinine > 2.5 mg/dl 272 4.3% 418 13.4%
Chronic dialysis 113 1.8% 98 3.1%
Renal transplant 8 0.1% 24 0.8%
Diabetes 508 8.0% 467 15.0%
Malignancy 234 3.7% 752 24.1%
Re-hospitalization 3220 50.4% 2434 78.1%
Functional status: No assistance needed 5101 79.9% 2522 80.9%
Functional status: Some assistance needed 423 6.6% 205 6.6%
Functional status: Total assistance needed 128 2.0% 54 1.7%
Functional status: Unknown 733 11.5% 337 10.8%
All recipients 6385 100.0% 3118 100.0%



Table LU 10. Demographic characteristics of pediatric candidates on the lung transplant waiting list on December 31, 2009 and December 31, 2019
Candidates aged younger than 18 years waiting for transplant on December 31 of given year, regardless of first listing date. Age calculated at snapshot. Candidates listed as children who turned 18 before the cohort date are excluded. Distance is computed from candidate's home zip code to the transplant center.
Characteristic 2009, N 2009, Percent 2019, N 2019, Percent
Age: < 1 year 3 1.9% 1 3.3%
Age: 1-5 years 19 11.8% 5 16.7%
Age: 6-11 years 26 16.1% 7 23.3%
Age: ≥ 12 years 72 44.7% 12 40.0%
Age: Unknown 41 25.5% 5 16.7%
Sex: Female 85 52.8% 15 50.0%
Sex: Male 76 47.2% 15 50.0%
Race/ethnicity: White 125 77.6% 20 66.7%
Race/ethnicity: Black 14 8.7% 1 3.3%
Race/ethnicity: Hispanic 18 11.2% 7 23.3%
Race/ethnicity: Asian 2 1.2% 2 6.7%
Race/ethnicity: Other/unknown 2 1.2% 0 0.0%
Geography: Metropolitan 125 77.6% 22 73.3%
Geography: Non-metro 36 22.4% 8 26.7%
Distance: < 50 miles 33 20.5% 11 36.7%
Distance: 50-<100 miles 21 13.0% 1 3.3%
Distance: 100-<150 miles 18 11.2% 5 16.7%
Distance: 150-<250 miles 31 19.3% 9 30.0%
Distance: ≥ 250 miles 57 35.4% 4 13.3%
Distance: Unknown 1 0.6% 0 0.0%
Height: < 70 cm 8 5.0% 3 10.0%
Height: 70-< 90 cm 19 11.8% 3 10.0%
Height: 90-< 110 cm 13 8.1% 3 10.0%
Height: 110-< 130 cm 25 15.5% 5 16.7%
Height: ≥ 130 cm 95 59.0% 16 53.3%
Height: Unknown 1 0.6% 0 0.0%
All candidates 161 100.0% 30 100.0%



Table LU 11. Clinical characteristics of pediatric candidates on the lung transplant waiting list on December 31, 2009 and December 31, 2019
Candidates aged younger than 18 years waiting for transplant on December 31 of the given year, regardless of first listing date. Candidates listed as before age 18 who turned 18 before the cohort date are excluded.
Characteristic 2009, N 2009, Percent 2019, N 2019, Percent
Diagnosis: Cystic fibrosis 55 34.2% 13 43.3%
Diagnosis: Pulmonary hypertension 54 33.5% 2 6.7%
Diagnosis: Pulmonary fibrosis 12 7.5% 0 0.0%
Diagnosis: Other vascular 3 1.9% 6 20.0%
Diagnosis: Other/unknown 37 23.0% 9 30.0%
Blood type: A 57 35.4% 13 43.3%
Blood type: B 23 14.3% 5 16.7%
Blood type: AB 2 1.2% 1 3.3%
Blood type: O 79 49.1% 11 36.7%
All candidates 161 100.0% 30 100.0%



Table LU 12. Listing characteristics of pediatric candidates on the lung transplant waiting list on December 31, 2009 and December 31, 2019
Candidates aged younger than 18 years waiting for transplant on December 31 of the given year, regardless of first listing date. Candidates listed as before age 18 who turned 18 before the cohort date are excluded.
Characteristic 2009, N 2009, Percent 2019, N 2019, Percent
Wait time: < 31 days 10 6.2% 1 3.3%
Wait time: 31-60 days 5 3.1% 2 6.7%
Wait time: 61-90 days 7 4.3% 4 13.3%
Wait time: 3-< 6 months 14 8.7% 3 10.0%
Wait time: 6-< 12 months 21 13.0% 8 26.7%
Wait time: 1-< 2 years 12 7.5% 6 20.0%
Wait time: 2-< 3 years 13 8.1% 1 3.3%
Wait time: ≥ 3 years 79 49.1% 5 16.7%
Waitlist status: Active 64 39.8% 15 50.0%
Waitlist status: Inactive 97 60.2% 15 50.0%
Transplant history: First 161 100.0% 30 100.0%
Tx type: Lung only 142 88.2% 20 66.7%
Tx type: Heart-lung 16 9.9% 8 26.7%
Tx type: Other 3 1.9% 2 6.7%
All candidates 161 100.0% 30 100.0%



Table LU 13. Lung transplant waitlist activity among pediatric candidates
Candidates who are listed, undergo transplant, and are relisted are counted more than once. Candidates are not considered to be on the list on the day they are removed; counts on January 1 may differ from counts on December 31 of the prior year. Candidates listed for multi-organ transplants are included.
Waiting list state 2017 2018 2019
Patients at start of year 39 40 42
Patients added during year 65 72 72
Patients removed during year 64 70 84
Patients at end of year 40 42 30



Table LU 14. Removal reason among pediatric lung transplant candidates
Removal reason as reported to the OPTN. Candidates with death dates that precede removal dates are assumed to have died waiting.
Removal reason 2017 2018 2019
Deceased donor transplant 47 42 56
Living donor transplant 0 0 0
Patient died 10 14 9
Patient refused transplant 0 1 0
Improved, transplant not needed 3 1 5
Too sick for transplant 1 1 5
Other 3 11 9



Table LU 15. Demographic characteristics of pediatric lung transplant recipients, 2007-2009 and 2017-2019
Pediatric lung transplant recipients, including retransplants. Distance is computed from recipient's home zip code to the transplant center.
Characteristic 2007-09, N 2007-09, Percent 2017-19, N 2017-19, Percent
Age: < 1 year 10 5.8% 10 7.3%
Age: 1-5 years 18 10.5% 11 8.0%
Age: 6-10 years 18 10.5% 17 12.4%
Age: 11-17 years 125 73.1% 99 72.3%
Sex: Female 105 61.4% 81 59.1%
Sex: Male 66 38.6% 56 40.9%
Race/ethnicity: White 129 75.4% 94 68.6%
Race/ethnicity: Black 8 4.7% 12 8.8%
Race/ethnicity: Hispanic 22 12.9% 27 19.7%
Race/ethnicity: Asian 8 4.7% 2 1.5%
Race/ethnicity: Other/unknown 4 2.3% 2 1.5%
Height: < 70 cm 11 6.4% 10 7.3%
Height: 70-< 90 cm 11 6.4% 7 5.1%
Height: 90-< 110 cm 8 4.7% 7 5.1%
Height: 110-< 130 cm 21 12.3% 17 12.4%
Height: ≥ 130 cm 120 70.2% 96 70.1%
Insurance: Private 89 52.0% 68 49.6%
Insurance: Medicaid 70 40.9% 59 43.1%
Insurance: Unknown 12 7.0% 10 7.3%
Geography: Metropolitan 132 77.2% 112 81.8%
Geography: Non-metro 39 22.8% 25 18.2%
Distance: < 50 miles 40 23.4% 41 29.9%
Distance: 50-<100 miles 24 14.0% 15 10.9%
Distance: 100-<150 miles 9 5.3% 11 8.0%
Distance: 150-<250 miles 28 16.4% 25 18.2%
Distance: ≥ 250 miles 66 38.6% 39 28.5%
Distance: Unknown 4 2.3% 6 4.4%
All recipients 171 100.0% 137 100.0%



Table LU 16. Clinical characteristics of pediatric lung transplant recipients, 2007-2009 and 2017-2019
Pediatric lung transplant recipients, including retransplants. Pediatric priority was reported in 2012 and later. ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Characteristic 2007-09, N 2007-09, Percent 2017-19, N 2017-19, Percent
Diagnosis: Cystic fibrosis 93 54.4% 69 50.4%
Diagnosis: Pulmonary hypertension 22 12.9% 16 11.7%
Diagnosis: Pulmonary fibrosis 9 5.3% 5 3.6%
Diagnosis: Other vascular 2 1.2% 3 2.2%
Diagnosis: Other/unknown 45 26.3% 44 32.1%
Blood type: A 65 38.0% 52 38.0%
Blood type: B 20 11.7% 16 11.7%
Blood type: AB 14 8.2% 5 3.6%
Blood type: O 72 42.1% 64 46.7%
Medical condition: Hospitalized in ICU 36 21.1% 40 29.2%
Medical condition: Hospitalized, not ICU 43 25.1% 15 10.9%
Medical condition: Not hospitalized 92 53.8% 82 59.9%
Medical urgency: priority 1 0 0.0% 36 26.3%
Medical urgency: priority 2 0 0.0% 7 5.1%
Medical urgency: LAS <30 2 1.2% 1 0.7%
Medical urgency: LAS 30-<35 28 16.4% 26 19.0%
Medical urgency: LAS 35-<40 43 25.1% 29 21.2%
Medical urgency: LAS 40-<50 18 10.5% 17 12.4%
Medical urgency: LAS 50-<60 9 5.3% 4 2.9%
Medical urgency: LAS ≥60 17 9.9% 17 12.4%
Medical urgency: Unknown 54 31.6% 0 0.0%
Vent/ECMO at transplant: Vent + ECMO 0 0.0% 5 3.6%
Vent/ECMO at transplant: Vent only 33 19.3% 14 10.2%
Vent/ECMO at transplant: ECMO only 2 1.2% 12 8.8%
Vent/ECMO at transplant: Neither 136 79.5% 106 77.4%
All recipients 171 100.0% 137 100.0%



Table LU 17. Transplant characteristics of pediatric lung transplant recipients, 2007-2009 and 2017-2019
Pediatric lung transplant recipients, including retransplants.
Characteristic 2007-09, N 2007-09, Percent 2017-19, N 2017-19, Percent
Wait time: < 31 days 32 18.7% 55 40.1%
Wait time: 31-60 days 38 22.2% 23 16.8%
Wait time: 61-90 days 13 7.6% 17 12.4%
Wait time: 3-< 6 months 37 21.6% 16 11.7%
Wait time: 6-< 12 months 28 16.4% 15 10.9%
Wait time: ≥ 1 year 22 12.9% 11 8.0%
Wait time: Unknown 1 0.6% 0 0.0%
Unknown procedure 1 0.6% 0 0.0%
Bilateral procedure 170 99.4% 137 100.0%
Transplant history: First 156 91.2% 132 96.4%
Transplant history: Retransplant 15 8.8% 5 3.6%
Tx type: Lung only 157 91.8% 129 94.2%
Tx type: Heart-lung 12 7.0% 8 5.8%
Tx type: Other 2 1.2% 0 0.0%
All recipients 171 100.0% 137 100.0%



Table LU 18. Pediatric lung donor-recipient serology matching, 2017-2019
Donor serology is reported on the OPTN Donor Registration Form and recipient serology on the OPTN Transplant Recipient Registration Form. There may be multiple fields per serology. Any evidence for a positive serology is treated as positive for that serology. CMV, cytomegalovirus; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus.
Donor Recipient CMV EBV
D- R- 23.4% 12.4%
D- R+ 15.3% 8.8%
D- R unk 0.0% 0.0%
D+ R- 35.8% 35.0%
D+ R+ 21.9% 41.6%
D+ R unk 2.2% 2.2%
D unk R- 0.7% 0.0%
D unk R+ 0.7% 0.0%
D unk R unk 0.0% 0.0%



Table LU 19. Posttransplant events among lung transplant recipients aged 0-17 years
Posttransplant morbidities are recorded on the OPTN Pediatric Transplant Recipient Follow-up Form and are included in the table if they were reported anytime on or before 1-year and 5-year follow-up. One-year events are reported for recipients in 2015-2018 and 5-year events for recipients in 2011-2014. Recipients of more than one transplant are counted separately per transplant.
Event One-year, N One-year, Pct Five-year, N Five-year, Pct
BOS: None reported 132 93.0% 70 68.0%
BOS: Reported 3 2.1% 33 32.0%
BOS: Unknown 7 4.9% 0 0.0%
Diabetes 4 2.8% 11 10.7%
Malignancy 5 3.5% 8 7.8%
Re-hospitalization 70 49.3% 84 81.6%
Functional status: Fully active 131 92.3% 93 90.3%
Functional status: Min. active 3 2.1% 2 1.9%
Functional status: Bedbound 3 2.1% 2 1.9%
Functional status: Unknown 0 0.0% 6 5.8%
Functional status: Unknown 5 3.5% 0 0.0%
All recipients 142 100.0% 103 100.0%